MS. Hatton donat. 1
Summary Catalogue no.: 4138
The Canterbury Tales; England, 1450s
Contents
Language(s): Middle English (Buckinghamshire dialect, LALME LP 6670) with Latin
(fols. 1r–257v)
, Canterbury Tales Rubric: Here beginneth the Prolog of the Tales of Caunterbury
Incipit: Whan that Aprill with his showres swote | The drought of Marche hath perced þe rote
Explicit: Beth fructuose and that litul space | And to done wele god sende yow his grace
I.194, 217, 221, 465-6, 551-94, 857-8 omitted; 305-6, 335-6, 403-4. 467-8 reversed.
DIMEV 6414(fols. 1r–10r)
The General Prologue Incipit: Whan that Aprill with his showres swote | The drought of Marche hath perced þe rote
Explicit: Now late vs ride and herkeneth what I say | And with that worde we riden forth oure wey
Verse ends on fol. 229r.
DIMEV 6415(fols. 10r–36r)
The Knight’s Tale Rubric: Here beginneth the Knightes tale
Incipit: Whilom as old stories tellen vs | There was a duke þat hight Thesius
Explicit: Þus endith Palamoun and Emely | And god saue al þis company
Final rubric: here endeth þe knightez tale
I.1320, 1893, 2168, 2238, 2320, 2385, 2588-99 omitted; 1985-6 reversed with 1986 repeated.
On fol. 33v, I. 2837–46 are repeated after I. 2885; bracketed and notated ‘vacat’.
DIMEV 6530(fols. 36r–37r)
The Knight–Miller link Rubric: and beginneth þe prolog of þe Miller is tale
Incipit: Whan þat þe kniȝt had þus his tale tolde | In al þe rowte nas þere yong ne olde
Explicit: Aviseth you and put me oute of blame | And eke men shuld make non ernest of game
Final rubric: Here endeth the prolog of the Millers tale
DIMEV 6427 (fols. 37r–45r)
The Miller’s Tale Incipit: Whilom þer was dwelling at Oxenford | A riche knof þat gestes held to bord
Explicit: And Nicholas is scalded in the toute | This tale is done and god saue al þe route
Final rubric: Here endeth þe myllers tale of hende Nicholas & absolon
I.3721-2 omitted.
DIMEV 6537(fols. 45r–45v)
The Reeve’s Prologue Rubric: And next beginneth the Prolog of þe Carpenters tale
Incipit: Whan folk had loughen at þis nice caas | Of absoloun and hende Nicholas
Explicit: He can wel in myn ey finde a stalke | But in his own he can not se a balke
Final rubric: here endeth the Prolog of the Carpenters tale
DIMEV 6307 (fols. 45v–50v)
The Reeve’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth þe Carpenters tale of þe Miller of Trumpyngdoun
Incipit: At Trumpingtoun not fer fro Canterbrigge | þere goth a broke and ouer þat a brigge
Explicit: Saue al þis compani grete and smale | Thus haue I quite þe millers tale
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Carpenters tale of þe Miller of Trympingdoun
I.3698, 4313 omitted.
DIMEV 724(fols. 50v–51v)
The Introduction to the Man of Law’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth þe prolog of þe man of lawes tale
Incipit: Oure host sawe wel þat þe briȝt son | The ark of his artificiall day hath y ron
Explicit: And with þat worde with a sobre chere | Bigan his tale as ye shall aftre here
DIMEV 4315 (fols. 51v–52r)
The Man of Law’s Prologue Incipit: O hateful harme condicion of pouerte | With thirst with colde with hongre so confounded
Explicit: Were not a marchuante þat gone is man a yere | Me taught a tale which ye shal here
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of the man of lawes tale
DIMEV 3929 (fols. 52r–64r)
The Man of Law’s Tale Rubric: next biginneth the man of lawe is tale of Quene Constance
Incipit: IN Surry whilom dwelled a company | Of chapmen riche and þere to sadde and true
Explicit: Ioy aftre wo gouerne vs in his grace | And kepe vs all that arn in þis place Amen
Final rubric: Here endeth þe man of lawes tale of Constance
II.697-8, 700, 880, 882 omitted.
DIMEV 2587(fols. 64r–64v)
The Cook’s Prologue Rubric: And next biginneth þe prolog before the Cokys tale
Incipit: The Coke of londoun whiles þe ryve spak | ffor Ioly he þoȝt to haue claued him in þe bake
Explicit: And þere with all þey lough and made chere | And seid his tale as ye shall aftre here
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of þe Cokes tale
DIMEV 5238 (fols. 64v–65r)
The Cook’s Tale Rubric: And next bigynneth þe Cokes tale of þe prentise of london
Incipit: A prentise dwelled whilom in oure Cite | Of a craft of vvitelers was hee
Explicit: And had a wife þat held for contenaunce | A shop and swifed for his sustenaunce | But here of I will passe as nowe | And of yong Gamelyne I will tell yowe
I.4375-6 omitted.
DIMEV 145(fols. 65r–75v)
Gamelyn Incipit: Sit and lysthen & herkeneth a right | And ye shal her of a doughti knight
Explicit: And so shall we all may þer no man fle | God god bring vs to þe ioy that ever shal be Amen
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Cokes tale of þe prentise of londoun
DIMEV 3090 (fol. 75v)
The ‘Epilogue’ of the Man of Law’s Tale Rubric: And next bigynneth þe prolog befor þe squiers tale
Incipit: Oure hoste vpon his stirop stode Anon | And seid good men herkeneth euery chone
Explicit: Ne phisik ne termies queynt of lawe | Ther is but litul latyn in my mawe
Final rubric: Here endeth þe prolog of þe squiers tale
DIMEV 4316 (fols. 75v–83v)
The Squire’s Tale Rubric: And next bigynneþe þe squiers tale of þe horse of Brasse
Incipit: At Sarri in þe londe of Tartary | There dwelt a king þat werraied vpon russy
Explicit: Appollo woleth vp his chare so high | Til þe god mercurious hous þe sligh
Final rubric: Explicit 2ª pars
V.44, 204, 384 omitted; spurious line follows 278.
DIMEV 725(fols. 84r–v)
Blank. At least the following two folios, presumably blank, have been cut away, leaving stubs. Only a catchphrase, ‘here endeth’, on the final verso, fol. 84v.
(fol. 85r)
The ‘Squire–Franklin Link’ Rubric: Here endeth þe Squiers tale of þe horse of bras. And next bigynneþe þe prolog of þe Marchauntes tale
Incipit: IN feith squier thou hast the wel quit | And gentilli I prayse wel þi witte
Explicit: I pray to god þat I mai plese yowe | Than wote I well my tale is gode I nogh
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of the Marchauntez tale
The link here functions to conjoin the Squire’s and Merchant’s Tales, with ‘Merchant’ appearing instead of ‘Franklin’ in V.675, 696, and 699.
DIMEV 2499(fols. 85r–98v)
The Merchant’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneþe the Marchauntes tale of Ianuarij
Incipit: Whilom þere was dwelling in lumbard | A worthi knight þat born was in pauy
Explicit: Thus endeth here my tale of Ianuarie | God blisse vs and his moder seint Marie Amen
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Marchauntes tale of Ianuarie & May
IV.1305 partially blank; 1605-6, 2076 omitted.
DIMEV 6535(fols. 98v–99r)
The ‘Merchant’s Endlink’ Rubric: Here foloueth þe wordes of oure Hoost to the ffrankeleyn
Incipit: Ey goddis merci seid oure oost þo | Now sich a wife I pray god kepe me fro
Explicit: And eke my wit suffiseth not there to | To tellen all wherefor my tale is do
DIMEV 745 (fol. 99r)
The ‘Squire’s Headlink’ Rubric: Prolog of þe ffrankelyn
Incipit: Sir ffrankeleyn come ner if it your will be | And sei vs a tale for certes ye
Explicit: Haue me excused if that I speke a mys | Mi wil is good and lo my tale is this
DIMEV 5024 (fol. 99r)
The Franklin’s Prologue Rubric: Here beginneth þe Prolog of the ffrankeleyn
Incipit: This olde gentel Britons in hire daies | Of diuerse auenturs maden laies
Explicit: My spirit feleth nat of such matere | But if you list my tale shall ye here
DIMEV 5617 (fols. 99r–109v)
The Franklin’s Tale Rubric: Narrat
Incipit: In Armorik þat called is Bretaine | There was a knight þat loued & did his paine
Explicit: Now telleth me er ye ferther wende | I can no more my tale is at an ende
Final rubric: Here endeth þe ffrankeleyns tale of þe Rokkes of Bretaigne
DIMEV 2476 (fols. 109v–119r)
The Wife of Bath’s Prologue Rubric: And next begynneth þe prolog of þe wife of Bath
Incipit: Experience þough none auctorite | Were in þis world is right y nogh for me
Explicit: If I haue licence of þis worthi Frere | Yis dame quod he tell forth & I wil here
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of þe Wife of Bathe
III.575-84, 609-12, 619-26, 706, 717-20, 722 omitted.
DIMEV 1242(fols. 119r–123v)
The Wife of Bath’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth the tale of þe Wife of Bath
Incipit: IN þe olde daies of King Artour | Of which Britones speke grete honour
Explicit: And olde and angry nygardes of dispense | God sende hem sone verry pestilence
Final rubric: Here endeth the Wifes tale of Bathe
III.899, 1064 omitted.
DIMEV 2618(fols. 123v–124r)
The Friar’s Prologue Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of the ffrere
Incipit: This worthi lymytoure þis noble frere | He made alwey a loward chere
Explicit: And aftreward he seid vnto the ffrere | Telleth forth youre tale myn own maister dere
Final rubric: Here endeth þe prolog of the ffreres tale
DIMEV 5802 (fols. 124r–128r)
The Friar’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth þe ffreres tale of the Somnoure
Incipit: Whilom þere was dwelling in my contre | An Archdiacon a man of hie degre
Explicit: And praieth þat þies somnours him repent | Of theire mysdedes or þe fende hem hent
Final rubric: Here endeth þe ffreres tale of the Somnoure
DIMEV 6536 (fols. 128v–129r)
The Sommoner’s Prologue Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of the Somnours
Incipit: This Somnour in his stiropp ful high he stode | Vpon þis ffrere his hert was so wode
Explicit: God saue yow all saue this cursed frere | Mi prolong wol I ende in þis maner
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of the Somnours tale
DIMEV 5756 (fols. 129r–135v)
The Summoner’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth the Somnours tale
Incipit: Lordinges þere is in yorkshire as I gesse | A Merssh contre called holdernesse
Explicit: And Iankyn hath wonnen a newe gown | Mi tale is don we be al most atte town
Final rubric: Here endeth þe tale of the Somnour
III.1731 omitted; spurious line follows 1732.
DIMEV 3255(fols. 135v–137r)
The Prologue of the Second Nun’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth the Prolog of the Nonne
Incipit: The mynistre of þe norice vnto vices | Which men callen in englissh Idelnesse
Explicit: And brennyng euer in charite ful bright | Now I haue yow declared what she hight
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of the Nonne
DIMEV 5405 (fols. 137r–142r)
The Second Nun’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth þe tale of the Nonne of the life of Seint Cecile
Incipit: THis maiden bright Cecile as hire life saith | Was comen of Romains & of noble kinde
Explicit: In which into this day in noble wise | Men doon to crist and to þis saint servise
Final rubric: Here endeth þe ij Non is tale
VIII.262 omitted.
DIMEV 5729.4(fols. 142r–144r)
The Canon’s Yeoman’s Prologue Rubric: And next beginneth the Prolog of the Chanons yoman
Incipit: Whan ended was þe life of seint Cecile | Er we fulli hadde reden fyve myle
Explicit: Syns that my lorde is gon I wol not spare | Siche þing as I know I shal declare
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prolog of the Chanons yoman
DIMEV 6296 (fols. 144r–153r)
The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth þe tale of the Chanons yoman
Incipit: WIth þis Chanon dwelt haue I seuen yere | And of his sciens am I neuer þe nere
Explicit: And þere a pointe for ended is my tale | God send eueri true man bote of his bale
Final rubric: Here endeth the Chanons yomans tale
VIII.781, 818, 872, 1159 omitted; blank line follows 819.
DIMEV 6753(fol. 153r)
Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of the Doctour of phisik
"Whan this yoman his tale ended hadde | Of this fals Chanon which was so badde | Oure oost gan sey treuly and certaine | This prest was begiled sothli to sayne | He wenyng for to be a philosophre | Til he right no gold left in his cofre | And sothli þis prest had a litull Iape | This cursed Chanon put in his hode an Ape | But al this passe I ouer as nowe | Sir doctour of phisik I pray you | Tell vs a tale of some honest matere | Hit shal be don if ye wol it here | Seid þis doctoure and his tale began anon | Now goode men quod he herkeneth eueri chon"
Final rubric: Here endeth þe prolog of the doctour of phisik
Spurious 14-line link.
(fols. 153r–156v)
The Physician’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth the tale of the doctour of phisik
Incipit: There was a knight as telleth liuius | That called was virginius
Explicit: Therefor I rede you this consail take | fforsaketh syn or syn you forsake
Final rubric: Here endeth the Doctour of Phisik tale
VI.69, 161 omitted; spurious lines follow 70, 162.
DIMEV 5599(fols. 156v–157r)
The ‘Host’s Words’/‘Physician–Pardoner Link’ Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of the Pardoner
Incipit: Oure ost gan to swere as he were wode | Harow quod he bi nailes and be blode
Explicit: I graunte I wis quod he but I must thenk | Vpon som honest thing whiles I shall drink
VI.297-8 omitted.
DIMEV 4314(fols. 157r–158v)
The Pardoner’s Prologue Rubric: Here beginneth þe Prolog of the Pardoner
Rubric: Radix omnium malorum est cupiditas Ad Timotheum vᵗᵒ
Incipit: Lordinges quod he in chirches whan I preche | I payn me to haue a hawteine speche
Explicit: Which I am wont to preche for to wyn | Now hold your pees my tale I wil begyn
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prolog of the Pardoner
DIMEV 3251 (fols. 158v–164v)
The Pardoner’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth þe Pardoners tale
Incipit: In fflaundres whilom was a company | Of yong folk that haunted foly
Explicit: And as we deden lete vs lagh and play | Anoon thei kissed and riden forth her way
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Pardoners tale
DIMEV 2502 (fols. 164v–165r)
The Clerk’s Prologue Rubric: And next begynneth the Prolog of the Clerk of Oxenford
Incipit: O sir Clerk of Oxenford oure oost saide | ye ride as still & as koy as doth a maide
Explicit: Save þat he will conueyen his matere | But this is his tale as ye shal here
Final rubric: Here endeth the prolog of the Clerk
DIMEV 4860 (fols. 165r–178v)
The Clerk’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth the Clerkes tale
Incipit: There is at þe west side of Itayll | Doune at þe rote of vesulus þe colde
Explicit: Be ay of chere light as lefe on lynde | And late him care wepe wring and waile
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Clerkis tale of Oxenford
IV.467 omitted; 415-16, 419+420-417+418, 459-60 reversed.
DIMEV 5573(fol. 178v)
Rubric: And next beginneth þe Prolog of þe Shipman
"Now frendes seid oure ooste so dere | How liketh you bi Iohn pardonere | ffor he hath vnbokled wele the male | He hath vs told right a thrifty tale | As touchyng of his mysgouernaunce | I pray to god if him goode chaunce | As ye haue herd of thies riatours thre | Now gentil maryner hertly I pray þe | Tel vs a goode tale and þat right A none | Hit shal be do by god and bi seint Ihone | Seid þis maryner as wel as I can | And right A none his tale he bigan"
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Prolog of the Shipman
Spurious 12-line link.
(fols. 178v–183v)
The Shipman’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth þe tale of þe Shipman
Incipit: A marchaunte whilom dwelt at seint Denys | That riche was for siche men hold him wise
Explicit: Thus endeth now my tale and god vs sende | Tellinges I nogh vnto our lyues ende
Final rubric: Here endith the tale of the Shipman
VII.390 omitted.
DIMEV 120(fols. 183v–184r)
The ‘Shipman–Prioress Link’ Rubric: And next begynneþ the Prolog of the Prioresse
Incipit: Wel said be corpus dominus quod oure hos | Now longe mote þou saile bi þe coost
Explicit: Now wil ye vouchesaue my lady dere | Gladly quod she and seid in þis manere
DIMEV 6206 (fols. 184r–184v)
The Prioress’s Prologue Rubric: Here beginneth the tale of the Prioresse of Alma Redemptoris Domine dominus noster quia admirabile est nomen tuum in vniuersa terra
Incipit: O lorde oure lorde þi name how mervelous | Is in this large world spred quod she
Explicit: Right so fare I and therefore I yow pray | Gideth my songe þat I shal of you say
DIMEV 3970 (fols. 184v–186v)
The Prioress’s Tale Rubric: ffabula
Incipit: There was in Asye in a grete Cite | A monge cristen folk a Iurie
Explicit: On vs his grete mercy multiplie | ffor reuerence of his moder marie Amen
Final rubric: Here endeth the tale of þe Prioresse
DIMEV 5601 (fols. 186v–187r)
The Prologue to Sir Thopas Rubric: And next beginneþe the Prologg of Chauncere
Incipit: Whan seid was al þis miracle eueri man | All sobre was þat wondre was to se
Explicit: Ye that is good quod he now shal we here | Som dainte thing me thenketh be his chere
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prologg
DIMEV 6401 (fols. 187r–189r)
The Sir Thopas Rubric: And next begynneth the tale of sire Thopas
Incipit: Listeth lordes in gode entent | I wil you tel verament
Explicit: As did þe knight sere percyuell | So worthely vnder wede
Final rubric: Here endeth the tale of sir Thopas
VII.852-4, 918 omitted; 805 left blank; 865 inserted in margin.
DIMEV 3097(fols. 189v–190r)
The ‘Thopas–Melibee Link’ Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of Chaucer
Incipit: No more of þis for goddis dignite | Quod oure ooste for thou makist me
Explicit: And therefore herkeneth what I shal sey | And late me tell al my tale I pray
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prolog of the Chauncer
DIMEV 3700 (fols. 190r–206r)
Rubric: And next biginneth the tale of the Chauncer
Incipit: A yong man called Mellibius
Explicit: bring vs to þe blisse that neuer hathe ende. Amen.
Final rubric: Here endeth Chaucers tale of Melibe and Dame Prudence
(fols. 206r–207r)
The Monk’s Prologue Rubric: And next beginneth the Prolog of the Monke
Incipit: Whan ended was þe tale of Melibe | And of prudence and hir benignite
Explicit: As it now cometh to my remembraunce | Haue me excused of myn ignoraunce
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prolog of the Monke
DIMEV 6295 (fols. 207r–216r)
The Monk’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth the tale of þe Monke de Casibus virorum illustrium
Incipit: I will bewaile in maner of tragedy | The harme of hem þat stonde in hie degre
Explicit: ffor whan men trusteth hir þan wil she faile | And couer hir bright face with a cloude
Final rubric: Here endeth þe Monkes tale de casibus virorum illustrissimum
DIMEV 2316 (fols. 216r–217r)
The Nun’s Priest’s Prologue Rubric: And next beginneth þe prolog of the Nonne Preste
Incipit: HO quod þe knight gode sir no more of this | That ye haue seid is right I now I wis
Explicit: And thus he seid to vs eueri chone | This swete prest this goodly man sir Iohn
Final rubric: Here endeth the prolog
DIMEV 2033 (fols. 217r–224r)
The Nun’s Priest’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth the Nonnes Prest tale of the Cok and of þe Foxe
Incipit: A Poor widow som dele stape in age | As whilom dwelling in a narow cage
Explicit: As seith my lorde so make vs al gode men | And bring vs all to his high blisse amen
Final rubric: Here endeth the Nonnes Prest tale
VII.2902, 2922 omitted; 3831-2, 2965-6, 3391-2 reversed; 2822, 3135 inserted in margin.
DIMEV 142(fols. 224r–225v)
The Manciple’s Prologue Rubric: And next begynneth þe Prolog of the Maunciple
Incipit: Wote ye not where stondeth a litel towne | Which is cleped bob vp and downe
Explicit: Tel on þou maunciple I the pray | Wele sir quod he herkeneth what I say
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prologg of the Maunciple
DIMEV 6711 (fols. 225v–228v)
The Manciple’s Tale Rubric: And next beginneth the tale of the Maunciple
Incipit: Whan Phebus dwelt in þis erth here adowne | As olde bokis maketh mencioun
Explicit: Where so thou come amonges hie or lowe | Kepe wele thi tonge and thenk vpon the crowe
Final rubric: Here endeth the tale of the maunciple
IX.207-304 omitted.
DIMEV 6390(fols. 228v–229r)
The Parson’s Prologue Rubric: And next biginneth the Prolog of the Persones tale
Incipit: By that the maunciple hadde his tale ended | The son fro þe southe side is descended
Explicit: Beth fructuose and that litul space | And to done wele god sende yow his grace
Final rubric: Here endeth the Prologg of the Persones tale
DIMEV 941 (fols. 229r–256r)
The Parson’s Tale Rubric: And next biginneth the Persones tale
Rubric: ¶ Ieromias sexto⸝ State super vias et videte et interrogate de semitis antiquis que sit via bona et ambulate in ea et invenietis refrigerium animabus vestris
Incipit: Oure swete lorde god of hevenn that no man wold
Explicit: And he that wrote this boke also⸝ Amen. Qui cum patre
Omits parts of 8, 226, 242, 250, 273, 296–7. Names noted in margins.
Physical Description
Form: codex
Support: parchment
Extent: ii (modern paper) + 257 + ii (modern paper) leaves
Dimensions (leaf): 260 × 190 mm.
Foliation: Modern foliation.
Collation
1-108 (fols. 1-80), 118–3? (fols. 81-84; 5th, 6th, 7th cancelled, all presumably blank, with 6th and 7th stubs visible; 8th blank with catchword), 12–328 (fols. 85-252), 338–3 (fols. 253-257; 6th–8th cancelled, with at least two stubs visible). Catchwords on the final verso. Lettered signatures (beginning with ‘a’, a second series ‘aa’ from fol. 157) usually visible though trimmed.
Layout
Ruled in plummet, written in 43 long lines, ruled space 185 × 110 mm.
Hand(s)
Written in an Anglicana bookhand, seemingly by a single scribe.
Decoration
Open with an eight-line initial W on a gold field, bordered with penwork and green acanthus scrollwork (fol. 1r).
Textual divisions, either the openings of prologues or tales, are marked by initials of two to four lines with penwork and borders. Versals in blue or gold, with red or blue penwork (Pächt and Alexander iii. 1060).
Rubricated incipits and explicits, running heads, and glosses.
Binding
Fragment from the back of an earlier binding, labelled ‘MSS D Hatton’, inside the upper board. The second endleaf (fol. ii) has also been removed from this binding and pasted to a more recent endleaf.
Eighteenth century, brown suade leather over pasteboard.
History
Provenance and Acquisition
Sixteenth-century inscriptions: ‘William Hurst(?)’ (fol. 9r), ‘Wyllm Shirley(?)’ (fol. 124r), ‘Iohn Da’ (fol. 208r).
Capt. Charles Hatton (1635–after 1708) (inscribed, fol. ii recto); given to the:
Bodleian Library, 1669: Hunt, ‘Historical Introduction’, in A Summary Catalogue, 1:xiv.
Record Sources
Description by Andrew Dunning (August 2022), with contents revised from the Digital Index of Middle English Verse and reference to earlier published descriptions. Decoration, localization and date previously described in Pächt and Alexander (1973); also described in the Summary Catalogue:
Digital Images
Digital Bodleian (full digital facsimile)
Digital Bodleian (7 images from 35mm slides)
Bibliography
Abbreviations
View list of abbreviations and editorial conventions.
Last Substantive Revision
2022-08-01: Andrew Dunning Revised with consultation of original.